Adventurers
English and Welsh men, descended from Norman lords, who hoped to make their fortune by getting their hands on Irish land.

Battle of Kinsale
In 1601, the English army defeated the combined forces of the Irish and a Spanish army.

Bawn
A walled courtyard built by planters for defence.

Flight of the Earls
The Gaelic Ulster lords left Ireland for Europe because they refused to accept English rule.

Lord deputy
The king’s representative in Ireland.

Loyal Irish
Native Irish who stayed loyal to the English during the Nine Years War.

Nine YearsWar
The Gaelic Ulster lords went to war with the English because the English officials were telling them how to run their territories.

Old English
Descendants of the Normans and the people of the Pale. Most had decided to remain Catholic and they supported the king in the English civil war.

Plantation
People from one country are sent to another country to take land and to live and work there.

Servitors
Mostly English or Scottish soldiers who got land in the Ulster plantation.

The Pale
A small area of land around Dublin controlled by the king of England.

The Protestant Ascendancy
The Protestant ruling class in Ireland.

Undertaker
A man who received an estate in a plantation and agreed to follow the rules of the plantation.